zkVM Benchmark Report

Overview of zkVM and Proof Systems

zkVM / Proof System	Architecture	Frontend	Backend	Security Bits
RISC Zero	RISC-V	Rust	STARK-based	96 bits
SP1	RISC-V	Rust	STARK-based	100 bits
OpenVM	RISC-V	Rust	STARK-based	100 bits
Jolt	RISC-V	Rust	Lookup-based	-
Stone	Cairo VM	Cairo	STARK-based	100 bits
Stwo	Cairo VM	Cairo	STARK-based	96 bits

Stone benchmarks were generated using the dynamic layout with these configurations.
Benchmarks which run out of memory have been indicated by * in the tables.
Benchmarks which generate errors in proof generation have been indicated by x in the tables.

Time and Commit Hash

Commit Hash: accc84210114e163218cfe57211a4b873a027362
Timestamp: Wednesday, June 04, 2025 05:58:20 UTC

System Information

OS Version

Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS

CPU Info

Architecture: x86_64
CPU(s): 48
Model name: AMD EPYC-Milan Processor
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 24
Socket(s): 1
L3 cache: 32 MiB (1 instance)

Memory Info

MemTotal: 193203524 kB
MemFree: 175112252 kB
MemAvailable: 188428420 kB
Buffers: 265828 kB
Cached: 13927620 kB
SwapTotal: 0 kB
SwapFree: 0 kB

Fibonacci

Benchmark n Fibonacci iterations.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4096	1.684	5.555	8.825	5.846	15.583	2.651
8192	2.499	6.772	10.733	11.349	22.654	2.562
16384	4.2	9.153	13.421	22.472	32.151	2.739
32768	7.829	14.421	19.739	45.13	63.677	2.925
65536	14.27	26.564	37.304	89.973	103.429	3.24
131072	26.79	29.536	69.569	141.097	*	3.463
262144	52.224	41.88	134.757	279.451	*	4.406
524288	101.165	73.689	142.485	559.176	*	6.311

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4096	86	139	45	21	88.0	10
8192	66	139	45	20	98.0	9
16384	41	138	44	20	88.0	36
32768	83	142	44	20	65.0	34
65536	43	147	45	25	103.0	17
131072	56	341	46	48	*	10
262144	72	543	47	85	*	19
524288	80	906	87	160	*	141

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4096	178.959	1799.8	770.545	244.218	106.568	711.1
8192	188.727	1799.8	770.545	255.93	111.848	693.132
16384	198.911	1799.8	770.545	268.154	119.528	711.368
32768	209.511	1875.83	770.545	281.402	126.472	720.612
65536	220.527	1955.06	803.841	562.652	130.952	719.156
131072	231.959	4815.17	838.481	1087.97	*	719.236
262144	243.807	8108.85	874.465	1943.43	*	707.068
524288	256.071	13282.3	1599.9	3643.15	*	723.176

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo
4096	99479	102986	100582	24594.0	32767
8192	197719	201290	198886	49170.0	65535
16384	394406	397898	395494	98322.0	131071
32768	787622	791114	788710	196626	262143
65536	1574054	1577546	1575142	393234	524287
131072	3146918	3150410	3148006	*	1048575
262144	6292646	6296138	6293734	*	2097151
524288	12584102	12587594	12585190	*	4194303

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4096	6.44	4.59	2.81	1.16	12.44	2.68
8192	4.9	5.08	1.36	2.3	15.22	2.61
16384	5.89	6.37	1.54	4.58	30.06	2.68
32768	8.92	8.97	1.92	9.15	59.79	2.81
65536	15.08	13.29	3.39	9.17	119.22	3.07
131072	27.63	21.56	6.19	9.17	*	3.61
262144	51.94	33.34	11.83	9.17	*	4.67
524288	102.01	41.06	11.83	9.18	*	7.1

Sha2

Benchmark Sha256 hash of n bytes. For Stone, the cairo implementation of sha256 by cartridge was used for benchmarking and for other zkvms sha2 Rust crate was used for benchmarking.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	1.182	5.141	7.939	5.804	9.439	2.595	3.479	3.088	7.512
512	1.241	5.004	8.536	5.91	19.059	2.642	3.491	5.899	7.626
1024	1.62	5.551	9.699	11.401	29.826	2.808	3.42	5.919	7.907
2048	2.444	6.463	12.55	22.586	30.702	2.829	3.541	11.432	8.386
4096	x	8.358	17.567	44.8	65.437	3.07	3.818	22.628	9.649
8192	x	13.682	28.314	67.908	117.676	3.275	4.912	44.997	11.681
16384	x	25.896	53.536	111.825	*	3.732	7.219	89.82	16.644

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	37.0	141	49	21	328.0	12	384	19	68
512	37.0	141	50	21	308.0	12	385	21	69
1024	39.0	164	50	21	331.0	12	399	20	69
2048	68.0	162	50	11	322.0	12	384	21	68
4096	x	166	50	19	361.0	12	384	19	68
8192	x	170	49	24	429.0	11	388	20	69
16384	x	171	58	37	*	12	407	25	68

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	172.143	1799.82	811.409	244.442	108.776	1017.86	5674.59	221.402	950.873
512	172.143	1799.82	811.409	244.442	113.128	1012.51	5674.59	244.442	950.873
1024	181.495	1799.82	811.409	256.154	118.76	1020.16	5674.59	244.442	950.873
2048	191.263	1799.82	811.409	268.378	118.248	1044.65	5674.59	256.154	950.873
4096	x	1799.82	811.409	281.626	124.296	1033.81	5674.59	268.378	950.873
8192	x	1875.85	811.409	549.628	129.512	1018.06	5674.59	281.626	950.873
16384	x	1955.08	844.705	830.878	*	1043.84	5674.59	562.876	950.873

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile
256	35403.0	33132	48398	14780.0	131071	11763	29627
512	60971.0	52288	87266	29222.0	131071	17115	53451
1024	112107	90600	165002	46284.0	131071	27819	101117
2048	214379	167224	320474	80408.0	131071	49227	196447
4096	x	320472	631418	160478	262143	92043	387090
8192	x	626968	1253306	308796	524287	177675	768376
16384	x	1239960	2497082	*	1048575	348939	1530965

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
256	5.09	4.31	1.22	1.15	9.63	2.66	4.4	0.58	1.18
512	4.91	4.29	1.25	1.16	18.94	2.65	4.4	1.15	1.19
1024	4.9	4.57	1.33	2.3	35.74	2.7	4.42	1.16	1.21
2048	4.9	5.01	1.5	4.59	35.75	2.71	4.65	2.3	1.24
4096	x	6.09	1.82	9.15	71.57	2.87	4.73	4.59	1.32
8192	x	8.26	2.46	9.18	142.77	3.17	5.44	9.16	1.46
16384	x	12.96	4.41	9.18	*	3.76	6.89	9.18	1.76

Sha2-Chain

Benchmark Sha256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	1.526	4.993	8.724	5.882	9.362	2.868	3.436	3.033	7.384
16	2.192	5.659	9.671	5.865	9.795	2.722	3.397	3.073	7.579
32	3.871	6.422	12.364	11.369	9.745	2.579	3.538	3.013	7.581
64	7.105	8.312	17.268	22.614	9.575	2.886	3.571	5.859	8.041
128	12.614	13.641	27.652	45.159	18.25	2.725	3.937	5.894	8.501
256	25.265	25.991	52.698	57.442	25.371	2.755	5.485	11.462	9.964
512	47.808	25.239	102.218	112.223	56.474	2.828	8.775	22.608	12.352
1024	92.338	36.896	203.878	225.054	94.504	3.083	15.985	45.164	17.401
2048	x	70.326	329.925	417.449	*	3.685	31.189	90.441	28.385
4096	x	124.759	656.719	832.116	*	4.458	54.085	146.118	49.37

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	37.0	141	50	21	338.0	11	384	20	64
16	39.0	139	50	21	323.0	11	383	21	64
32	78.0	159	50	20	315.0	11	391	20	63
64	40.0	139	49	20	317.0	11	397	20	64
128	42.0	142	50	17	303.0	11	385	10	64
256	74.0	144	50	23	335.0	11	383	20	64
512	104.0	316	51	36	330.0	11	384	12	64
1024	58.0	448	52	65	347.0	11	409	19	63
2048	x	787	100	124	*	36	503	25	64
4096	x	1339	151	238	*	44	629	49	63

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	181.495	1799.82	811.409	244.442	106.696	907.708	5674.59	221.402	911.697
16	191.263	1799.82	811.409	244.442	107.176	919.924	5674.59	221.402	911.697
32	201.447	1799.82	811.409	256.154	108.776	916.9	5674.59	221.402	911.697
64	212.047	1799.82	811.409	268.378	106.216	962.184	5674.59	244.442	911.697
128	223.063	1875.85	811.409	281.626	111.592	942.304	5674.59	244.442	911.697
256	234.495	1955.08	844.705	537.404	114.792	934.536	5674.59	256.154	911.697
512	246.343	4735.95	879.345	830.878	123.304	930.336	5674.59	268.378	911.697
1024	258.607	6539.66	915.329	1406.63	130.088	940.264	5750.62	281.626	911.697
2048	x	11633.8	1742.7	2787.4	*	941.284	7449.63	562.876	911.697
4096	x	20335.4	2675.33	5330.88	*	962.028	9452.77	1099.9	911.697

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile
8	69356.0	47296	44730	2997.0	65535	14248	14778
16	136412	83672	80858	5861.0	65535	21248	20954
32	270524	156424	153114	11589.0	65535	35248	33306
64	538748	301928	297626	23045.0	65535	63248	58010
128	1075213	592936	586650	45957.0	65535	119248	107418
256	2148109	1174952	1164698	91781.0	131071	231248	206234
512	4293901	2338984	2320794	183429	262143	455248	403866
1024	8585485	4667048	4632986	366725	524287	903248	799130
2048	x	9323176	9257370	*	1048575	1799248	1589658
4096	x	18635432	18506138	*	2097151	3591248	3170714

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile
8	5.09	4.31	1.25	1.15	9.1	2.57	4.39	0.58	1.18
16	4.9	4.57	1.32	1.16	9.04	2.58	4.46	0.58	1.18
32	5.79	5.03	1.49	2.3	9.04	2.58	4.56	0.58	1.19
64	8.67	6.12	1.79	4.58	9.04	2.6	4.56	1.15	1.21
128	14.46	8.13	2.4	9.14	17.88	2.61	5.06	1.16	1.25
256	26.21	13.35	4.3	9.17	29.73	2.67	6.2	2.3	1.33
512	48.55	14.86	8.13	9.17	59.33	2.79	7.42	4.59	1.49
1024	93.08	26.98	15.8	9.17	118.82	3.02	11.13	9.15	1.81
2048	x	44.18	20.15	9.18	*	3.48	19.53	9.17	2.47
4096	x	44.15	20.16	9.18	*	4.7	33.89	9.17	3.75

Sha3

Benchmark Keccak256 hash of n bytes. For Stone, the implementation of Keccak256 from stdlib as well as builtin was benchmarked.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
256	1.166	5.181	8.632	5.814	19.131	2.6	3.234	24.073	7.575	15.781
512	1.513	5.646	9.602	11.397	31.922	2.646	3.379	26.09	7.671	16.317
1024	2.402	6.661	12.433	11.413	67.444	2.817	3.237	32.07	8.146	16.891
2048	4.167	8.282	17.16	22.414	117.651	3.073	3.356	32.132	8.619	15.829
4096	x	13.843	21.932	44.79	*	3.682	3.555	43.796	9.856	25.902
8192	x	25.786	37.391	89.998	*	4.499	4.46	65.887	12.613	41.13
16384	x	23.059	70.308	179.33	*	4.809	6.791	111.091	18.053	83.958

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
256	51.0	140	53	20	401.0	11	531	20	155	220
512	43.0	139	52	20	400.0	11	531	20	156	201
1024	71.0	141	52	20	403.0	11	530	21	156	203
2048	55.0	166	53	12	439.0	11	531	21	156	199
4096	x	169	52	19	*	11	530	22	156	193
8192	x	162	52	25	*	12	531	22	156	208
16384	x	310	53	49	*	11	550	34	156	216

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
256	170.823	1799.82	832.297	244.442	116.2	974.964	5785.69	444.535	1556.5	108.008
512	180.175	1799.82	832.297	256.154	119.272	973.56	5785.69	467.575	1556.5	107.752
1024	189.943	1799.82	832.297	256.154	126.056	968.968	5785.69	479.287	1556.5	110.312
2048	200.127	1799.82	832.297	268.378	132.84	975.608	5785.69	479.287	1556.5	110.056
4096	x	1875.85	832.297	281.626	*	991.06	5785.69	491.511	1556.5	114.92
8192	x	1955.08	832.297	562.876	*	1008.38	5785.69	504.759	1556.5	119.848
16384	x	4659.92	865.593	1125.38	*	1003.53	5785.69	786.009	1556.5	126.088

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	stone-builtin
256	46856.0	46003	63303	19420.0	131071	13765	36501	998
512	90422.0	83242	121245	38600.0	131071	18766	64021	1762
1024	177554	157707	237129	59047.0	262143	28755	119061	3286
2048	351866	306632	468897	117848	524287	48728	229141	6334
4096	x	587972	916134	*	1048575	88283	448213	12241
8192	x	1150639	1810608	*	2097151	167380	886357	24055
16384	x	2275984	3599556	*	2097151	325585	1762645	47683

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
256	5.09	4.3	1.25	1.15	19.03	2.65	4.12	3.45	1.23	11.07
512	4.9	4.59	1.32	2.3	35.78	2.69	4	3.45	1.24	11.07
1024	4.9	5.04	1.48	2.3	71.55	2.8	4.05	3.45	1.26	11.07
2048	5.82	6.15	1.78	4.59	142.74	3.03	4.16	3.45	1.31	11.07
4096	x	8.54	2.07	9.17	*	3.68	4.39	4.59	1.4	21.97
8192	x	12.9	2.94	9.17	*	4.92	4.7	9.16	1.58	43.9
16384	x	11.99	5.4	9.18	*	5.36	5.91	9.17	1.96	87.23

Sha3-Chain

Benchmark Keccak256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
8	2.481	6.533	10.602	11.387	67.345	2.846	3.365	23.298	7.626	15.826
16	3.99	8.432	14.158	22.633	118.349	3.133	3.35	26.373	7.68	15.734
32	7.522	13.789	21.259	45.054	*	3.626	3.326	27.072	8.236	25.707
64	13.651	25.796	35.504	50.801	*	4.585	3.392	31.977	9.126	41.801
128	26.783	22.814	68.366	102.685	*	7.879	3.766	42.572	10.783	83.978
256	50.965	30.845	136.042	202.335	*	14.139	5.169	65.942	14.402	146.807
512	100.764	53.405	267.191	405.196	*	x	8.137	68.989	21.452	*
1024	x	99.244	546.345	793.753	*	x	14.137	139.083	36.416	*
2048	x	196.044	1066.58	1576.58	*	x	27.559	280.385	64.867	*
4096	x	360.793	2124.01	3136.24	*	x	42.007	546.264	123.191	*

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
8	57.0	139	49	11	414.0	11.0	544	20	153	209.0
16	45.0	160	49	21	443.0	11.0	549	20	155	209.0
32	75.0	142	49	19	*	12.0	531	20	154	213.0
64	63.0	145	50	23	*	12.0	530	21	153	218.0
128	93.0	314	50	36	*	12.0	531	21	153	224.0
256	47.0	442	51	63	*	13.0	532	23	155	246.0
512	91.0	645	52	112	*	x	536	32	154	*
1024	x	1100	102	224	*	x	562	44	153	*
2048	x	1990	203	432	*	x	563	69	153	*
4096	x	3904	403	883	*	x	684	120	154	*

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
8	191.263	1799.82	811.409	256.154	124.904	993.304	5785.69	444.535	1538.61	109.8
16	201.447	1799.82	811.409	268.378	131.112	1017.196	5785.69	467.575	1538.61	108.264
32	212.047	1875.85	811.409	281.626	*	1034.616	5785.69	467.575	1538.61	115.944
64	223.063	1955.08	811.409	525.692	*	1042.476	5785.69	479.287	1538.61	122.856
128	234.495	4659.92	844.705	818.654	*	1091.6	5785.69	491.511	1538.61	123.304
256	246.343	6384.39	879.345	1393.38	*	1131.464	5785.69	504.759	1538.61	131.944
512	258.607	9833.33	915.329	2531.63	*	x	5785.69	725.785	1538.61	*
1024	x	16807.3	1813.32	5049.63	*	x	5861.73	1007.03	1538.61	*
2048	x	30682.3	3609.31	9844.13	*	x	5940.96	1569.54	1538.61	*
4096	x	59843	7201.28	19674.6	*	x	7716	2717.57	1538.61	*

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	stone-builtin
8	203610	145819	145881	57637.0	262143	16867	27813	3480.0
16	404922	281235	283329	115174	524287	23331	43573	6904.0
32	807546	552067	558225	*	1048575	36259	75093	13752.0
64	1612794	1093731	1108017	*	2097151	62115	138133	27448.0
128	3223307	2177059	2207601	*	4194303	113827	264213	54840.0
256	6444299	4343715	4406769	*	8388607	217251	516373	109624
512	12886283	8677027	8805105	*	x	424099	1020693	*
1024	x	17343651	17601777	*	x	837795	2034194	*
2048	x	34676899	35195121	*	x	1665187	4061208	*
4096	x	69343395	70381809	*	x	3319971	8110124	*

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo	sp1-precompile	r0-precompile	openvm-precompile	stone-builtin
8	5.09	5.01	1.38	2.3	71.67	2.77	3.97	3.45	1.23	11.07
16	5.82	6.11	1.61	4.58	142.67	2.96	4.03	3.45	1.25	11.07
32	8.81	8.48	2.03	9.14	*	3.61	4.26	3.45	1.29	21.98
64	14.81	12.71	2.87	9.17	*	4.92	4.34	3.45	1.36	43.91
128	26.85	11.53	5.26	9.18	*	8.49	4.41	4.57	1.5	87.27
256	50.41	20.45	10.04	9.18	*	16.07	5.28	9.13	1.79	174.41
512	98.74	43.45	19.51	9.18	*	x	7.25	9.16	2.36	*
1024	x	45.25	19.52	9.19	*	x	8.86	9.16	3.5	*
2048	x	55.71	19.52	9.2	*	x	13.97	9.16	5.78	*
4096	x	55.17	19.95	9.22	*	x	33.84	9.17	10.78	*

Matrix Multiplication

Benchmark multiplication of two matrices of size n x n.

Prover Time (s)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	0.922	5.141	7.378	1.618	15.487	2.59
8	1.227	5.152	7.883	3.019	24.453	2.616
16	4.108	6.501	10.673	11.438	70.538	3.337
32	26.037	25.405	36.508	58.826	*	4.287
64	x	75.756	277.29	404.705	*	18.777

Verifier Time (ms)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	37.0	140	52	15	311.0	10
8	36.0	139	52	19	306.0	10
16	45.0	140	52	20	356.0	10
32	64.0	170	52	23	*	45
64	x	762	55	115	*	17

Proof Size (KB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	153.767	1799.79	829.609	209.506	104.68	817.692
8	170.823	1799.79	829.609	221.154	111.08	832.348
16	200.127	1799.79	829.609	255.906	124.04	850.28
32	234.807	1955.05	829.609	537.156	*	843.452
64	x	11713	933.529	2531.38	*	906.636

Cycle Count

n	jolt	sp1	r0	stone	stwo
4	9107.0	8489	6033	6371.0	131071
8	56283.0	25474	23029	37627.0	131071
16	419008	152551	150141	259691	524287
32	3282080	1144749	1142413	*	2097151
64	x	9005881	9003693	*	16777215

Peak Memory (GB)

n	jolt	sp1	openvm	r0	stone	stwo
4	5.09	4.26	1.16	0.3	9.56	2.59
8	4.9	4.33	1.2	0.58	18.22	2.61
16	5.87	5.07	1.39	2.29	71.91	2.94
32	27.18	13.11	2.94	9.17	*	4.47
64	x	38.98	20.11	9.17	*	21.94